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ADII Promotion Aptitude Test Questions and Answers Try

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ADII Promotion Aptitude Test Questions and Answers Try

ADII Promotion Aptitude Test Questions and Answers Try

ADII FEBRUARY, 2020

SECTION A

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

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  1. The aim of Ghana’s system of education is …………..
  2. Personality development
  3. Character formation
  4. Preservation of culture
  5. All of the above 
  1. The ministry of Education of Ghana, which is a multi-portfolio government ministry, was established in ……..
  2. 1947
  3. 1956
  4. 1957
  5. 1960

 

  1. Which of the following is/are the objective(s) of the 1987 Education Reform?
  2. Increase access to basic education
  3. Shorten the pre- tertiary education structure from 17 years to 12 years
  • Make education cost-effective
  1. Improve the quality of education by making it more relevant to socio – economic conditions
  2. I only
  3. II and III only
  4. I,II and III only
  5. All of the above

 

  1. How many functional divisions does the Ghana Education Service have at the headquarters?
  2. 9
  3. 7
  4. 11
  5. 12

 

  1. The performance of a student can be evaluated in the best possible manner through………
  2. Annual Assessment
  3. Continuous Assessment
  4. Monty Assessment
  5. Weekly Assessment

 

  1. Which of the following is not a body under the Ministry of Education which implements its polices and programmes?
  2. Ghana Education Service
  3. Non-Formal Education Division
  4. Teacher Education Division
  5. Ghana Library Authority

 

  1. Testing in education is only possible by using ………
  2. Achievement test
  3. Intelligence Test
  4. Aptitude Test
  5. Standardized Achievement Test

 

  1. How many units has the technical and Vocational Education Division (TVED) of the Ghana Education Service (GES) Headquarters?
  2. 7
  3. 8
  4. 9
  5. 10

 

  1. Which of the following is/are not the objective(s) of the Free Compulsory Universal Basic Education (FCUBE)?
  2. Improving the quality of learning and teaching
  3. Improving access to basic education facilities
  • Encouraging private sector participation in the provision of education facilities.
  1. Improving management efficiency
  2. III only
  3. Ii and III only
  4. I, II and III only
  5. None of the above

 

  1. Which one of the following Acts established the Ghana Education Service in 1995?
  2. Act 506
  3. 605
  4. 778
  5. 788

 

  1. Which of the following is/are not the way(s) through which education policies are formulated?
  2. Imposition by elites
  3. Political discussions
  • Stakeholder consultations
  1. I only
  2. I, II and III
  3. II and III only
  4. III only

 

  1. How many divisions are under the jurisdiction of the Deputy Director – General (Quality and Access) of the Ghana Education Service?
  2. 5
  3. 6
  4. 4
  5. 8

 

  1. Curriculum provides guidance for …………..
  2. Schools
  3. Teachers
  4. Students
  5. Parents

 

  1. Psychological foundation plays its role in the development of curriculum, keeping in view of the …….
  2. Students’needs
  3. Student’s interest
  4. Student’s capabilites
  5. All of the above

 

  1. An outline of the topics of a subject to be covered in a specific time is called a ……….
  2. Programme
  3. Syllabus
  4. Curriculum
  5. Course

 

  1. All of the following statements regarding a teacher are correct except that the teacher
  2. Changes his/her attitudes and behaviour according the needs of the society
  3. Is a friend, guide and philosopher
  4. Is the leader of the class
  5. Teaches what the students know

 

  1. The type of education acquired without any specific purpose, fixed period is called
  2. Formal Edaucation
  3. Indirect Education
  4. Individual Education
  5. Informal education

 

  1. Why are co-curricular activities used in teaching?
  2. To assist the teacher
  3. To make teaching easy
  4. To make teaching attractive
  5. To make teaching interesting and effective

 

  1. Which of the following sentences is/are correct about the nature of teaching?
  2. It is remedial
  3. It is diagnostic
  • It is both remedial and diagnostic
  1. I only
  2. II only
  3. III only
  4. All of the above

 

  1. The procedure used to determine learner’s abilities is referred to as
  2. Criterion-referred test
  3. Maximum performance test
  4. Norm-referenced test
  5. Typical performance test

 

  1. What are the three components of educational process?
  2. Direction, instruction and skill
  3. Teacher and books
  4. Teacher, students and education
  5. Teaching, learning and practice

 

  1. Teaching through the deductive method is done from the…..
  2. Easy to difficult
  3. General to the specific
  4. Marco to the micro
  5. Specific to the general

 

  1. A/an ……………. assessment is one which measures what is intended to measure.
  2. Consistent
  3. Fair
  4. Reliable
  5. Valid

 

  1. The use of technology to enhance the learning process is called ……… in education.
  2. Communication Technology
  3. Information communication technology
  4. Information retrieval
  5. Information Technology

 

  1. The purpose of evaluation in education is to ……..
  2. Assign a mark or score to a student
  3. Make judgement about the quality of learning
  4. Measure the achievement of students
  5. Test the students in a subject

 

  1. According to John Dewey, the teacher should guide students in acquiring knowledge as a ………… in the learning process.
  2. Facilitator
  3. Guide
  4. Lead the child
  5. Philosopher

 

  1. The primary aim of educational psychology is to………….
  2. Contribute to an understanding of sound educational practices
  3. Provide the academic background essential for effective teaching
  4. Provide a theoretical framework for educational research
  5. Provide the teacher with a greater appreciation of his role in the education of the child

 

  1. The word “pedagogy” means to………..
  2. Educate the child
  3. Guide the child
  4. Lead the child
  5. Understand the child

 

  1. A scoring guide to evaluate the quality of students is called ………
  2. Checklist
  3. Inventories
  4. Rating scales
  5. Rubrics

 

  1. Teachers should present information to the students clearly and in interesting ways and relate new information to the things students………….
  2. Already know
  3. Are not willing to know
  4. Are willing to know
  5. don’t know

 

  1. The field of study which is concerned with the construction of thought processes, including remembering, problem solving and decision-making is called ………
  2. Cognitive Development
  3. Education
  4. Episremology
  5. Pedagogy

 

  1. The process of obtaining numerical value for a characteristic is known as
  2. Assessment
  3. Evaluation
  4. Measurement
  5. Test

 

  1. In teaching, the discussion method can be used when ……….
  2. The topic is easy
  3. The topic is not known
  4. The topic is very difficult
  5. All of the above

 

  1. Which of the following is/are the main aim(s) of teaching?
  2. To develop only thinking
  3. The develop only reasoning
  4. To give information
  5. (A) and (B)

 

  1. The quality of teaching is reflected by the
  2. Attendance of students in the class
  3. Duration of silence maintained in the class
  4. Percentage pass of students
  5. Quality of questions asked by students

 

  1. A formal and systematic procedure of getting information is called………
  2. Assignment
  3. Evaluation
  4. Measurement
  5. Testing

 

  1. Which of the following is not considered a key behaviour essential for effective teaching?
  2. Effective use of bulletin board space
  3. Instructional variety
  4. Lesson clarity
  5. Student success rate

 

  1. An effective teacher is expected to ……..
  2. Encourage students students to be initiative
  3. Make students feel that education is their need
  4. Reduce the anxiety level of students to moderate level
  5. All of the above

 

  1. An evaluation that monitors learning progress is referred to as ………….
  2. Diagnostic
  3. Formative
  4. Placement
  5. Summative

 

  1. The main purpose of supervising teaching is to ……….
  2. Achieve success in examination
  3. Properly utilize school facilities
  4. Carry out the curriculum
  5. Advance pupils’ welfare

 

  1. Yamoah teaches Junior High School 3. when her students enter her classroom each day, they walk to their assigned desks and take their seats. Immediately, they take out their notebooks to write down and answer the questions that is on the board that reviews the previous day’s lesson. While the students are quiet working, Mrs Yamoah takes attendance. Once everyone has answered the question, Mrs. Yamoah reviews it with her class before moving on to the day’s lesson. Which of the following terms accurately describes the the situation above?
  2. A disorganized classroom
  3. A flexible classroom
  4. A rigid classroom
  5. A well-managed classroom

 

  1. Which of the following is not one of the core domains of the National Teachers’ Standards?
  2. Professional Ethics
  3. Professional knowledge
  4. Professional Practice
  5. Professional Values and Attitudes

 

  1. Which of the following is not a tool for formative assessment in scholastic domain?
  2. Conversational skill
  3. Multiple Choice Question
  4. Projects
  5. Oral questions

 

  1. What was Ghana’s score on the corruption perception Index (CPI) released by Transparency International in 2018?
  2. 38%
  3. 39%
  4. 40%
  5. 41%

 

  1. Which one of the following political ideologies is Plato credited with?
  2. Collectivism
  3. Democracy
  4. Imperialism
  5. Individualism

 

  1. The first important step in teaching is
  2. Knowing the background of the students
  3. Organizing materials to be taught
  4. Planning beforehand
  5. Summarizing the lesson

 

  1. A newly posted teacher who is maltreated in his/her class by students should deal with them by ………..
  2. Applying punitive measures
  3. Changing his/her class after consultation with the headteacher
  4. Giving them a threat of expulsion
  5. Improving his/her qualities and expressing them in a good way

 

  1. The main purpose of classroom assessment is to ………….
  2. Compare student’s performance
  3. Improve instruction
  4. Measure teachers’ effectiveness
  5. Report to parents

 

  1. Where is the international Court of Justice situated?
  2. The Hague
  3. Berlin
  4. Washington DC
  5. Geneva

 

  1. The term used for monitoring outcomes with reference to objectives is ………..
  2. Evaluation
  3. Interview
  4. Measurement
  5. Test

 

SECTION B

TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS

  1. The Ministry of Education formulates and implements approved national policies and programmes on education in Ghana.
  2. True
  3. False

 

  1. Teacher Education Division (TED) is one of the divisions at the Ghana Education Service Headquarters.
  2. True
  3. False

 

  1. In any school situation, performance tasks are hands-on activities that require students to demonstrate their ability to perform certain actions.
  2. True
  3. False

 

  1. Teachers who are respected and liked are associated with greater student satisfaction and higher achievement.
  2. True
  3. False

 

  1. A teacher cannot exhibit referent power from the first day of class by giving students a sense of belonging and acceptance.
  2. True
  3. False

 

  1. Classroom are said to have norms when only few of the students agree on what is and /or what is not socially acceptable classroom behaviour.
  2. True
  3. False

 

  1. Social psychologists believe that the process group formation begins when its member agree to go against the norms of the group.
  2. True
  3. False

 

  1. Licensure and exits tests are the best predictors of classroom performance of teachers.
  2. True
  3. False

 

  1. If a teacher with a high degree of clarity, he/she will spend less time going over material.
  2. True
  3. False

 

  1. Students performance is higher in class where the teacher devotes large amount of time to the process and materials needed rather than teaching content.
  2. True
  3. False

 

  1. What a teacher does not say is every bit as important as what a teacher does say.
  2. True
  3. False

 

  1. Competitive activities have little value in establishing or maintaining an effective classroom climate and should thus be avoided.
  2. True
  3. False

 

  1. Students feel important and are encouraged to participate in class when a teacher uses their ideas in moving a class lesson or activity forward.
  2. True
  3. False

 

  1. Bid-rigging may result in the supply of inferior textbooks and supplies.
  2. True
  3. False

 

  1. In assessing learning, it is not important to know the purpose of assessment before selecting an assessment approach.
  2. True
  3. False

 

  1. Types of corruption in elementary-secondary education range from academic cheating to bribery and nepotism in teaching appointments, to bid-rigging in the procurement of textbooks and supplies.
  2. True
  3. False

 

  1. When families are made to pay bribes for services, this puts poor students at a disadvantage and thus reduces equal access to education.
  2. True
  3. False

 

  1. Giving teachers the authority and responsibility to apply their ow professional knowledge to making decisions in their area of responsibility is an important aspect of collegiality.
  2. True
  3. False

 

  1. Establishing rules and procedure is one of the least important classroom management tasks.
  2. True
  3. False

 

  1. The performing stage begins when students want to show they can do some things independently of the teacher.
  2. True
  3. False

 

  1. Written assessments are activities in which the students selects or composes a response to a prompt.
  2. True
  3. False

 

  1. The teacher cannot either alter the classroom climate but should work for students success regardless of the climate.
  2. True
  3. False

 

  1. In Ghana, the National Teachers’ Standards sets out the maximum levels of practice that all trained teachers must reach by the end of their pre- service teacher education course in order to play such a critical role.
  2. True
  3. False

 

  1. The skills must be demonstrated in performance tasks cannot vary considerably.
  2. True
  3. False

 

  1. In a school, teachers have many different types of assessment available to them.
  2. True
  3. False

 

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2024 Areas GES Promotion Aptitude Tests Cover Questions and Answers

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Areas GES Promotion Aptitude Tests Cover Questions and Answers

In the field of education, understanding the fundamental aspects of the Ministry of Education (MoE) and the Ghana Education Service (GES) is crucial. These organizations play a pivotal role in shaping the educational landscape of Ghana. In this comprehensive guide, we will explore various facets of MoE and GES, contemporary issues in education, effective school and classroom management, educational leadership, learning theories, and the vital realm of assessment and evaluation. This knowledge equips Teachers, administrators, and stakeholders with the necessary insights to navigate and contribute to the educational system effectively and also to write and pass the Promotion Exams Successfully.

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PART ONE (1): GENERAL KNOWLEDGE OF MOE AND GES

  1. The MoE and its Functions. All Agencies and Affiliates of MOE
  2. The GES: Mission, Vision, and Mandate
  3. Relevant Laws that affect MoE and GES
  4. The GES Council and its Functions.
  5. Structure and Functions of GES Headquarters
  6. Division of GES
  7. Progression levels of GES/ Scheme of Service.
  8. Organizational Structure at the District and Regional Education Office
  9. Conditions of Service in GES
  10. The Pre-Tertiary Education Act, 2020
  11. System of Pre-Tertiary Education
  12. Free, Compulsory, and Universal Basic Education
  13. Management of Pre-Tertiary Schools
  14. Inclusive Education
  15. Establishment of Education Service
  16. Membership of the Education Service
  17. Objectives and Functions of the Education Service
  18. Governing Body of the GES
  19. Functions of the GES Council
  20. Tenure of office of Members of the GES council NEW GES Governing Council Members, Functions and Tenure of Office
  21. Meetings of the Council
  22. The Director General of GES and his Functions
  23. The Deputy Director Generals of GES and their Functions
  24. The Regional Education Directorate, RDE, DRDE, and their Functions
  25. The District Education Directorate, The DDE, The Deputy DDEs and their Functions
  26. Collaborations with the GES and other Religious Bodies
  27. Responsibilities of the DA and the DEOC
  28. Sub-Committees of DEOC
  29. Management of Public Basic and SHSs
  30. Funds of the Education Service
  31. Accounts and Audit Units in the GES
  32. Ghana TVET Service
  33. Establishment, Membership, Objectives, and Functions of the Gh TVET Service
  34. Ghana Accountability for Learning Outcomes Project (GALOP)
  35. Meaning and Aims of Kindergarten
  36. Core Competencies
  37. Headship of a School
  38. Qualifications of Headship of a School
  39. Deployment and Transfers
  40. Postings, Repostings, and Types
  41. Conditions for Reposting
  42. Secondment

ADI GES Promotion Examination Past Questions and Answers Actual December 21

PART TWO (2): CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN EDUCATION

  1. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
  2. Education Strategic Plan 2018- 2030
  3. UNESCO Education 2030 Framework for Action
  4. National Teachers Standards
  5. National Teacher Education Curriculum Framework
  6. National Science, Technology, and Innovation Policies
  7. Teacher Professional Development

PART THREE (3): SCHOOL/CLASSROOM MANAGEMENT

  1. Roles and responsibilities of a Teacher in the classroom
  2. Principles of effective instructions
  3. Teaching strategies for helping students pay attention in class
    • I do, We do, You do
    • Think-Pair-share
    • Scaffolding
    • Discussion
    • Role Play
  4. Teaching strategies for helping students remember and study effectively
  5. Causes of classroom disturbances (Teacher factor)
  6. Teaching strategies for a good beginning of the school year
  7. Dealing with Problems Behavior

PART FOUR (4): EDUCATIONAL LEADERSHIP, ADMINISTRATION, AND MANAGEMENT

  1. Basis for Leadership Power and its Types
  2. Leadership styles
  3. Administration and Management
  4. Educational Management Models and their Corresponding Leadership Styles (Political model)
  5. Educational Administrations
  6. Goals of Educational Institutions
  7. The raw materials of Education
  8. The nature of Staff in the School
  9. The process of Education
  10. Effects of the agencies on the raw materials used by Education
  11. Reference groups that the schools Administrators have to deal with
  12. The structure and site of the school
  13. Theories regarding functions of Administrators
  14. Basic task of an Administrator

PART FIVE (5): LEARNING THEORIES

  1. Features of Learning
  2. Approaches to Learning
  3. Instrumental Conditions (Thorndike Laws of Readiness, Exercise, and effects)
  4. Educational Implications
  5. Reinforcement and types
  6. Punishment and its kinds
  7. Constructivism and Humanism
  8. The concept of motivation
  9. Types of motivation
  10. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and their applications in the classroom
  11. Techniques of motivating students
  12. Teachers and peers as joint contributors to student learning
  13. 21st-century teaching strategies
  • Scaffolding
  • Cognitive apprenticeship
  • Tutoring
  • Peer tutoring
  • Cooperative learning and its approaches
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New Teacher Lesson Observation/ Supervisory Requirement in Ghana 2023

PART SIX (6): ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION

  1. Principles of Assessment
  2. Principles of Fair Assessment
  3. Informal and Formal Assessment
  4. Assessment strategies
  5. Norm-referenced interpretation and uses
  6. Criterion-referenced interpretation and uses
  7. Formative evaluation
  8. Summative evaluation
  9. Purpose of assessment
  10. Types of assessment
  11. Taxonomies of Education
  12. Objectives and Characteristics of a good Test
  13. Principles of Validity
  14. Categories of Validity
  15. Factors affecting Validity
  16. Test Reliability
  17. Planning Classroom Test and Assessment
  18. Achievement Test
  19. Types and Characteristics Authentic Assessment
  20. Alternative Assessment
  21. National Large-scale Assessment

 Pedagogy Questions and Answers pdf

Actual ADI 2023 MOE/GES Promotion Examination Questions and Answers

TRUE or FALSE GES Teacher Promotion Questions and Answers Compiled

Actual 2023 MOE/ GES ADII Teacher Promotion Examination Questions and Answers

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Actual ADI 2023 MOE/GES Promotion Examination Questions and Answers

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Actual ADI 2023 MOE/GES Promotion Examination Questions and Answers

Actual ADI 2023 MOE/GES Promotion Examination Questions and Answers

GES Promotion Results 2023 Release 69% Successful

How to check GES Promotion Exams Results if you Don’tGet SMS

SECTION A

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

  1. Which one of the following best describes the focus of inclusive education? to increase A. integration of basic, secondary and tertiary systems of education B. integration of various subject disciplines such as arts, science and business C. participation of all staff in decision making including non teaching staff D. participation of all students in schools including those with disabilities.

    Answer: D. participation of all students in schools including those with disabilities.

  2. The principal strategy adopted for Universal Design for Learning (UDL) is A. adopting multiple ways of representing content to learners B. asking parents to sign the completed assignments of learners C. giving learners quizzes at the end of every lesson D. inviting parents to attend school meetings open days

    Answer: A. adopting multiple ways of representing content to learners.

  3. The professional knowledge of teachers entails knowledge of: I. Subject matter content and grade-level standards. II. schools as organizations. III. Instructional strategies and Instructional design. IV. assessment practices and data literacy A. I & III only B. I, II, & III only C. I, II, III, & IV D. I, III, & IV only

    Answer: C. I, II, III, & IV

  4. What is the primary purpose for establishing School Management Committee (SMC)? To help. A. ensure greater participation in governance by the directorates at the basic level. B. ensure greater stakeholder participation in governance at the basic level. C. improve governance at the high school. D. improve governance at the primary school.

    Answer: B. ensure greater stakeholder participation in governance at the basic level.

  5. The headteacher in a learner-centred school undertakes the following activities to enhance teaching and learning except A. empowering teachers to involve each learner in the teaching/learning process. B. encouraging teachers to avoid tests and other assessments. C. encouraging teachers to develop lesson plans that use existing knowledge. D. motivating and sustaining teachers’ interest in teaching.

    Answer: B. encouraging teachers to avoid tests and other assessments.

  6. The Education Regulatory Bodies Act, 2020 (Act 1023) is an Act that A. establishes the Commission for Technical and Vocational Education and Training B. establishes the Complimentary Education Agency C. merges the Ghana Education Service and Ghana Tertiary Education Commission D. merges the National Teaching Council and the National

    Answer: A. establishes the Commission for Technical and Vocational Education and Training

  7. Which one of the following statements about discipline and punishment is true? A. Discipline focuses on imposing controls and punishment focuses on promoting positive behaviour. B. Discipline focuses on promoting positive behaviour and punishment focuses on imposing controls. C. Discipline is the responsibility of the district director and punishment is the responsibility of the school head. D. Discipline is the responsibility of the school head and punishment is the responsibility of the district director.

    Answer: B. Discipline focuses on promoting positive behaviour and punishment focuses on imposing controls.

  8. Which one of the following is not a value of the education sector in Ghana? A. Accountability and Transparency B. Efficient Management of Resources C. Financial Resource Interviews D. Quality Education

    Answer: C. Financial Resource Interviews

  9. Which one of the following statements best describes the primary activity undertaken By the Ghana Education Service? A. Develop national curriculum for the pre-tertiary level B. Formulate approved national policies and programmes for the pre-tertiary level. C. Implement approved national policies and programmes to the pre-tertiary level. D. Prepare approved salary structure to teachers at the pre-tertiary level.

    Answer: C. Implement approved national policies and programmes to the pre-tertiary level.

  10. Which of the following is not a function of the National Teaching Council? A. Accredit institutions offering teacher education and development programmes B. Issue license and accreditation to pre-tertiary institutions in Ghana C. Issue temporary certification to unqualified persons who desire to teach D. Provide a framework for the development of teacher education curriculum

    Answer: B. Issue license and accreditation to pre-tertiary institutions in Ghana

  11. When adopting differentiated instruction in teaching: I. the teacher recognizes diversity among students as normal, II. sees every student’s potential for academic success. III. accepts responsibility for maximizing student’s progress. IV. tailors instruction to assessment-indicated student needs A. I, II, & III only B. I, II, III, & IV C. II only D. I & II only

    Answer: B. I, II, III, & IV

  12. The highest disciplinary authority that has the power to endorse any recommendation to summarily dismiss a teaching or non-teaching personnel from Ghana Education Service (GES) is the A. Board of Governors B. Director-General of GES C. GES Council D. Ministry of Education

    Answer: C. GES Council

  13. The strategy observed in the classroom facilitates: I. higher order thinking skills. II. science achievement. III. transfer of skills to other areas of study. IV. teamwork and social skills. A. I, II & III only B. I, II, III, & IV C. I, III, & IV only D. II, III, & IV only

    Answer: B. I, II, III, & IV

  14. Students learn about a subject through the experience of solving open-ended problems in A. Curriculum-based learning. B. Problem-based learning. C. Standard-based learning. D. Student-based learning.

    Answer: B. Problem-based learning.

  15. Lifelong learning is driven by the goal of A. achieving education progress. B. achieving education sustainability. C. improving attendance. D. improving test scores.

    Answer: B. achieving education sustainability.

  16. The core element of cooperative learning is to A. encourage contracts between teachers and parents. B. foster student competition rather than student support. C. promote ability groupings. D. showcase the positive effects of interdependence.

    Answer: D. showcase the positive effects of interdependence.

  17. The observed teaching strategy moves through sequential stages of A. Focused instruction; Collaborative learning; Guided instruction; Independent learning B. Focused instruction; Guided instruction; Collaborative learning; Independent learning C. Guided instruction; Focused instruction; Collaborative learning; Independent learning D. Guided instruction; Independent learning; Focused instruction; Collaborative learning

    Answer: B. Focused instruction; Guided instruction; Collaborative learning; Independent learning

  18. What is the intended outcome of this teaching strategy? To A. allow for interaction time between teachers and students B. give teachers more time to prepare their scheme of learning C. promote independent studies on the part of students D. strengthen efficacy to transfer understanding on the part of students

    Answer: D. strengthen efficacy to transfer understanding on the part of students

  19. Which one of the following is not a benefit of the observed teaching strategy? A. Improved student academic performance. B. Increased student chances to be creative C. Increased student dependency on teachers D. Increased student motivation and confidence.

    Answer: C. Increased student dependency on teachers

  20. What teaching strategy was adopted by teacher (mentor)? A. Cooperative learning B. Differentiated instruction C. Gradual release of responsibility D. Team teaching

    Answer: C. Gradual release of responsibility

  21. The teaching strategy adopted by the teacher enables the learners to learn: I. social skills by interacting with one another II. to be independent from the teacher III. to think for themselves IV. focus only on knowledge acquisition A. I & II only B. I, II, & III only C. I, II, III & IV D. IV only

    Answer: B. I, II, & III only

  22. Which one of the following statements about student grouping is correct? A. Grouping should be done throughout the school day B. Heterogeneous grouping is preferable to homogeneous grouping. C. Homogeneous grouping is preferable to heterogeneous grouping. D. None of the above

    Answer: B. Heterogeneous grouping is preferable to homogeneous grouping.

  23. The culture shared by the school head enables teachers to A. conduct continuous students’ performance assessment B. encourage teachers to avoid tests and other assessments C. involve each learner in the teaching/learning process D. develop lesson plans that use existing knowledge

    Answer: C. involve each learner in the teaching/learning process

  24. The leadership of the school head involves A. Determining and applying the expectations of the District Directorate of Education to the school. B. Adopting the best practices in teaching and learning to the school. C. Ensuring that parents sign the completed assignments of learners D. Providing a framework for the development of teacher education curriculum.

    Answer: B. Adopting the best practices in teaching and learning to the school.

  25. Which of the following statements about interdisciplinary teacher teaming is incorrect? A. In teams, teacher preferences and power can result in one subject dominating other subjects. B. Teaming is intended to accommodate curricula constructed around contemporary subjects and problems rather than disciplines (separate subjects). C. Teams are usually more open to considering change than are traditional academic departments. D. None of the above.

    Answer: A. In teams, teacher preferences and power can result in one subject dominating other subjects.

    26. Which one of the following is not a benefit of the observed teaching strategy?
    A. Improved student academic performance.
    B. Increased student chances to be creative

    C. Increased student dependency on teachers
    D. Increased student motivation and confidence.

    27. What teaching strategy was adopted by teacher (mentor)?
    A. Cooperative learning
    B. Differentiated instruction
    C. Gradual release of responsibility
    D. Team teaching

    28. The teaching strategy adopted by the teacher enables the learners to learn:
    I. social skills by interacting with one another
    II to be independent from the teacher
    III to think for themselves
    IV focus only on knowledge acquisition

    A. l & II only
    B. I, II, & Ill only
    C. I, II, III & IV
    D. IV only

    29. Which one of the following statements about student grouping is correct?

    A. Grouping should be done throughout the school day
    B. Heterogeneous grouping is preferable to homogeneous grouping.
    C. Homogeneous grouping is preferable to heterogeneous grouping.
    D. None of the above

    37. Which of the following statements about interdisciplinary teacher teaming is
    incorrect?

    A. In teams, teacher preferences and power can result in one subject dominating
    other subjects.
    B. Teaming is intended to accommodate curricula constructed around
    contemporary subjects and problems rather than disciplines (separate
    subjects).
    C. Teams are usually more open to considering change than are traditional
    academic departments.
    D. None of the above.

    Use the following scenario to answer questions 37, 38 and 39

    A teacher taking up a new assignment at a new school was told by the school head during
    orientation that a teacher in this school is expected to examine one’s underlying beliefs
    about teaching and learning and one’s alignment with actual classroom practice before,
    during and after a course is taught. The school head stressed that teachers in the school
    plan, experience, and evaluate, and the new teacher is to adopt this teaching pedagogy

    38. The culture shared by the school head enables teachers to
    A. conduct self-assessments of their instructional techniques.
    B. set the ground rules in the classroom.
    C. stay with the instructional pedagogy they are used to.
    D. work independently in the classroom.

    39. Which of the following statements is true about the culture in the school? The school
    culture creates conditions for

    I. practice-based learning settings to support learning from one’s
    II.Professional experiences
    III. Utilisation of knowledge transfer from formal acquisition of knowledge
    adoption of observation checklist to guide practice
    IV. peer classroom observation
    A. I, II, & Ill
    B. I, II, & IV
    C. I, III, & IV
    D. II, III, & IV

    40. What school culture is being shared by the head?
    A. Innovative practice
    B. Reflective practice
    C. Student centred practice
    D. Teacher centred practice

    41. Which one of the following statements about year-round school calendar is not
    correct? Year-round school calendar increases
    A. access to remediation opportunities for students.
    B. student retention rates.
    C. the functional capacity of a school.
    D. the need to re-teach skills to students after long vacations.

    A test that measures a student’s knowledge or skill relation to content
    standard is
    A. criterion-referenced
    B issue-referenced.
    C. norm-referenced
    D. textbook referenced.

    31. Consensus as a decision-making strategy refers to
    A. determining which faction’s position will prevail
    B. reaching a decision everyone can accept
    C. the process of reaching an ideal decision.
    D. voting for the best decision.

    32. Which one of the following statements about teacher performance evaluation is not
    correct? The process can be
    A. both formative and summative
    B. formative.
    C. neither summative nor formative,
    D. summative.

    33. The primary purpose of teacher summative performance evaluation is to
    A. determine if a teacher should be re-employed.

    B. force teachers to develop lesson plans.
    C. improve the teachers’ performance,
    D. remind teachers they are being watched.

    34. In performance evaluation, merit and worth are important concepts. Which one of
    the following statements about merit and worth is correct?
    A. Both merit and worth pertain to measuring an employee’s effectiveness
    B. Merit pertains to measuring an employee’s effectiveness.
    C. Merit pertains to measuring an employee’s value to the school.
    D. Worth pertains to measuring an employee’s effectiveness.

    35. Which one of the following statements about school culture is correct? It
    A. describes a school’s mission.
    B. describes the demographic composition of a school.
    C. is solely determined by the school head’s behaviour.
    D. is the shared values that help educators to address problems.

    36. Why are decisions about strategies for school improvement said to entail higher
    levels of uncertainty?
    A. A lot of time is spent on school improvement efforts
    B. Future conditions cannot be predicted accurately
    C. Teachers are not interested in participating in school improvement efforts
    D. The school head may be autocratic

    43. Which one of the following statements is true about a school’s climate and culture?
    A. The school climate is another word for school culture
    B. The school climate is part of the school culture
    C. The school culture is part of the school climate
    D. The school culture is used in JHS and school climate is used in SHS
    44. In which of the following situations would peer teaching be adopted as a classroom management strategy? When
    A. colleague teachers can teach the same topic.
    B. the class teacher has to attend staff meeting.
    C. the class teacher is marking assignments,
    D. top performers in class can help struggling students.
    of?

    45. In which of the following theories multiple causation a defining characteristic
    A. Classical theory of management
    B. Needs theory of management
    C. School theory of management
    D. Systems theory of management

    46. Which of the following statements is true about a school’s philosophy. It
    A. addresses the shared values and beliefs of the school.
    B. describes the shared purpose of the school,
    C. entails the strategies for reaching the preferred future.
    D. is the shared preferred future of the school.

    47. Which one of the following statements is not correct about intensification
    mandates? They
    A. are imposed on schools from external stakeholders.
    B. are uniformly applied to all schools.
    C. require schools to do more of what they already were doing.
    D. require schools to use their plans to drive improvement.

    48. The pursuit of moral and ethical behaviour in their schools requires teachers to
    A. avoid promoting data-driven decisions.
    B. cater for the needs of their constituency.
    C. seek to represent all stakeholders fairly.
    D. seek to represent their departments

    49. Planned activities to implement in the classroom are best known as
    A. instructional procedures
    B. lesson plans
    C. rules and regulations
    D. school curriculum

     

    50. In matters of student discipline, students should
    A have a fair and impartial hearing
    B. have no recourse to appeal a decision.
    C present only the class teacher as a witness.
    D. All of the above.

    51. The five principles of Leadership for Learning (L/L) includes all of the following.
    except
    A. a focus on learning
    B. equality and equity
    C. learning dialogue
    D. shared accountability

    52. Which one of the following statements is true about unprogrammed decisions in the
    school?

    A. Existing policy and rules do not prescribe the action to be taken
    B. Existing policy and rules prescribe the action to be taken
    C. The decision is of less importance to the school
    D. The decision would be evaluated by the school head

    53. Effective teaching recommendations include
    I.Present new material in small steps with learner practice after each step

    II.Guide learners as they begin to practice
    III.Provide systematic feedback and corrections
    IV.eachers consult parents on what to teach

    A. 1, & II only
    B. I, II, & Ill only
    C. I, II, III, & IV
    D. & Ill only

    54. Effective classroom management strategies do not include
    A. encouraging initiative
    B. letting students help establish guidelines
    C. modelling ideal behaviour
    D. providing textbooks

    55. One of the key learning objectives of SDG 4; “to ensure inclusive and equitable
    quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all” is that the
    learner

    A. knows the basic principles of sustainable planning and building, and can identify
    opportunities for making their own area more sustainable and inclusive
    B. understands that inequality is a major driver for societal problems and
    individual dissatisfaction
    C. is able to identify their individual rights and clarify their needs and values
    related to work.
    D. is able to recognize the intrinsic value of education and to analyse and identify
    their own learning needs in their personal development.

    56. Which of the following statements is true in an open school climate
    A. All decisions are made by PTA
    B. Interactions among stakeholders are promoted
    C. Parents do not participate in decision making
    D. School heads interact only with teachers

    SECTION B

    TRUE OR FALSE QUESTIONS.

    instruction: Answer all questions in this Section by identifying whether the statement
    provided is true or false Circle the letter that corresponds to the correct or best option on
    your question paper.

    56. District Education Oversight Committee (DEOC) is a structure to facilitate community
    participation in education
    A. True
    B. False

    57. The Capitation Grant was introduced in basic schools to remove fees as barrier
    to access to Education
    A True
    B. False

    58. An attribute of good governance in GES is non-delegation of management
    control of an institution
    A True
    B. False

    59. The core function of the Ghana Education Service is to formulate approved structure and
    content on education in the country
    A True
    B. False

    60. The Ghana Education Service Act, 2008 (Act, 778) is the current Act governing
    The Ghana Education Service
    A. True
    B. False

    61. A school’s “informal organization” refers to the structure of extra-curricular
    activities.
    A. True
    B. False

    62. Giving teachers the authority and responsibility to apply their own professional
    knowledge to making decisions in their area of responsibility is an important aspect
    of collegiality.
    A. True
    B. False

    63. Teacher survey is not an effective process for collecting data about instructional and
    organizational effectiveness.

    True
    False

    64. Norm-referenced tests cannot be used to improve instruction.
    A. True
    B. False

    65 Value-added assessment focuses on student learning gains in an academic year.
    A True
    False

    66 Complexity in school scheduling relates to meeting the different needs of students.
    A True
    False

    67. School heads should refrain from conducting community surveys.
    A True
    B. False

    68. Novice teachers are socialized in order to perpetuate the culture of the school.
    A. True
    B. False

    69. Teachers exercise leadership in the school in their operations
    A. True
    B. False

    70 A school is considered efficient if inputs are low and outputs are high.
    A. True
    B. False

    72. Consensus in planning increases teacher sense of ownership in school improvement
    efforts.
    A. True
    B. False

    73. Visioning identifies destination, planning provides the goals and strategies to get
    there
    A. True
    B. False

    74, Efficiency as a value affects school policy decisions.
    A. True
    B. False

    75. Successful inclusive education happens primarily through accepting, understanding,
    and attending to student differences and diversity
    A. True
    B. False

    Actual ADI 2023 MOE/GES Promotion Examination Questions and Answers

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Deputy Director DD Promotion Aptitude Questions and Answers Try 2

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DD (DEPUTY DIRECTOR) PROMOTION APTITUDE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

DD FEBRUARY, 2020

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SECTION A

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. Which of the following best illustrates a teacher applying a constructivist approach to student learning?

A. A language arts teacher provides students with a concrete reward each time they turn in a written assignment that is free of errors
B. A math teacher has students use hands-on materials and real-world problems to acquire new concepts and practice skills.
C. A Science teacher demonstrates the correct procedures for performing complex experiments before having students perform experiments.
D. A social studies teacher uses visual aids and logical progression of ideas when presenting lessons about new or unfamiliar topics.

Answer: B

2. A JHS teacher gives students a term project that involves various activities such as conducting research, interviewing people, writing a report, and making a group presentation in class. Which of the following strategies should the teacher use to help the students successfully carry out their projects?

A. Explaining to students how the objectives of the project fit into a larger instructional plan.
B. Organizing project tasks in a step-by-step sequence and providing students with directions and reminders for completing each step.
C. Putting students into groups and scheduling regular times for them to meet.
D. Reassuring students that they possess all of the skills and abilities needed to complete the project’s tasks.

Answer: B

3. In a typical teaching and learning environment, students are most likely to be intrinsically motivated to learn when they:

A. Anticipate that they will receive positive rewards for achieving instructional objectives.
B. Are interested in what they are learning and understand how it relates to their own lives.
C. Know that they will be writing a test or examination in the near future.
D. Perceive that their performance compares favorably with that of peers engaged in the same tasks.

Answer: B

4. The free SHS programme in Ghana is funded by the:

A. Annual Budget Funding Amount
B. Chinese Government
C. Ghana Education Service
D. Scholarship Secretariat

Answer: A

5. Alhaji Musa has recently been appointed as the head of an educational institution. Upon assuming duty, he thought of carving a statement of the school. This statement will provide a dramatic look at what the entire school will be like at a distant point in the future, say five to ten years. This statement is called a/an:

A. Mission statement
B. Operations statement
C. Target statement
D. Vision statement

Answer: D

6. Which of the following statements about effective classroom management is false?

Classroom management involves:
A. Planning ahead of the first day of class
B. Teachers having at least four rules to guide them.
C. The difference between calm productivity and total class disorder
D. The same strategies but may vary in the techniques used for each class

Answer: B

7. Global citizenship education is a form of … that involves students’ active participation in projects that address global issues of social, political, and economic development.

A. Civic Education
B. Civic learning
C. Global awareness
D. Global culture

Answer: C

8. Which of the following firms that quality is at the heart of education and therefore sets out the desirable characteristics for the various components of quality education learners, content, and systems?

A. Global Education Policy Dashboard
B. Salamanca Statement and Frame for Action
C. World Bank Education Strategy
D. 2000 Dakar Framework for Action

Answer: D

 

9. Which of the following in Ghana has the objective of equitable educational opportunity and the

Culture Unit
C. Science Resource Centre
D. School Health Education Programme

Answer: B

10. The Education Act, 2008 (Act 778) empowers the District Director of Education to inspect a school with notice in consultation with the:

A. Metropolitan Chief Executive
B. District Chief Executive
C. Municipal Chief Executive
D. Head of the School

Answer: B

11. The In-In-Out programme is associated with the:

A. Colleges of Education
B. Universities
C. Technical Universities
D. Senior High Schools

Answer: A

12. Effective teaching requires the teacher to be:

A. Time conscious and organized
B. Loving and caring
C. Knowledgeable and enthusiastic
D. Honest and friendly

Answer: C

13. School performance improvement plans are developed to:

A. Ensure proper utilization of school resources
B. Guide the activities of the school over a period
C. Ensure the availability of teaching and learning materials
D. Monitor students’ performance in the school

Answer: B

14. The Ghana Education Service Act, 1995 (Act 506) was established to:

A. Decentralize the management of education
B. Establish a coherent and flexible framework for education
C. Ensure compulsory education for all
D. Promote the teaching profession

Answer: A

15. School records are maintained to:

A. Satisfy government requirements
B. Ensure accuracy and reliability of information
C. Promote transparency and accountability
D. Support school management and decision-making

Answer: D

16. The document which outlines the philosophy and goals of education in Ghana is the:

A. GES Act 1995
B. Education Act 2008
C. National Curriculum Framework
D. National Education Policy

Answer: C

17. Teacher absenteeism affects all the following except:

A. Pupil performance
B. Community trust in the school
C. Management of the school
D. Pupil enrollment

Answer: D

18. In the Ghanaian educational system, KG forms part of the:

A. Primary level
B. Pre-primary level
C. Basic level
D. Junior high level

Answer: C

19. The school head’s role includes all the following except:

A. Providing instructional leadership
B. Managing school finances
C. Recruiting teaching staff
D. Ensuring discipline in the school

Answer: C

20. Teachers’ appraisal system is mainly designed to:

A. Assess teachers’ compliance with rules
B. Measure teachers’ effectiveness
C. Monitor teachers’ attendance
D. Evaluate teachers’ lesson plans

Answer: B

21. The key aim of continuous professional development for teachers is to:

A. Improve teachers’ knowledge and skills
B. Prepare teachers for administrative roles
C. Evaluate teachers’ performance
D. Increase teachers’ salaries

Answer: A

22. The school environment should be:

A. Strict and orderly
B. Supportive and conducive to learning
C. Competitive and challenging
D. Fun and entertaining

Answer: B

23. The body responsible for managing and coordinating all educational programs at the pre-tertiary level is the:

A. Ministry of Education
B. Ghana Education Service
C. Science Resource Centre
D. School Health Education Programme

Answer: B

24. The tenure of office of members of the GES council is:

A. Five years
B. Six years
C. Three years
D. Two years

Answer: A

25. The components of the capitation grants include all the following except:

A. Improving access
B. Non-teaching staff
C. School facilities

Answer: B

24. The tenure of office of members of the GES council is:

A. Five years
B. Six years
C. Three years
D. Two years

Answer: A

25. The components of the capitation grants include all the following except:

A. Improving access
B. Non-teaching staff
C. School facilities

Answer: B

26. Transfer grants payable is equivalent to:

A. Two-month gross salary
B. Two-month net salary
C. One-month net salary
D. One-month gross salary

Answer: C

27. The government of Ghana mainstreamed KG into basic education in line with the recommendations of the:

A. Dakar World Forum for Education
B. Early Childhood Committee
C. Education 2030 Agenda
D. UNESCO Forum

Answer: A

28. The role of the School Management Committees (SMCs) and head in the management of capitation grants are all the following except to ensure:

A. Accountability of funds used.
B. Effective utilization of the capitation grant
C. Implementation of activities provided in the SPIP.
D. School opens a special bank account.

Answer: D

29. In the computerized schools’ selection and placement system, all the following are used except the score of:

A. All subjects taken by BECE candidates
B. BECE candidates’ grades
C. BECE candidates’ core subjects
D. Two best subjects of BECE candidates

Answer: B

30. The main purpose of the policy on girl-child education by the government is to ensure that:

A. All girls of school-going age go to and stay in school.
B. All girls of school-going age register in school.
C. Girls in rural areas have equal access to school
D. Teenage pregnancy is eliminated

Answer: A

31. The scheme of service of teachers refers to the:

A. Activities of the teachers for the term approved by the school head
B. Outline of lesson plans presented to circuit supervisors
C. Scheme of work prepared by the teacher for the term
D. Various ranks a teacher passes through in the teaching profession

Answer: D

32. One of the students in a class hardly talks. How would you encourage him to express himself?

A. By encouraging children to take part in activities
B. By giving good marks to those who express themselves well
C. By organizing discussions around classroom activities
D. By organizing educational games program which will make children feel like speaking.

Answer: A

33. A teacher should use appropriate methods, techniques, and sound principles of learning such as:

I. Building on past learning or previous knowledge and positive reinforcement.
II. Providing guidance and practice in class before independent practice.
III. Motivating and sustaining pupils’ interest
IV. Involving each learner in the teaching/learning process.
V. Distributing evaluating questions

A. I, II and III only
B. I, II, III and V only
C. I, II, III, IV and V
D. II and III only

Answer: C

34. A curriculum is the sum-total of a school’s efforts to influence a child’s:

A. Behaviour
B. Course
C. Design
D. Logical sequence

Answer: A

35. Which of the following is a teacher-centered model that focuses on students’ activities being guided by the teacher?

A. Directive model
B. Indirect model
C. Pedagogical model
D. Thinking model

Answer: A

36. Any method of teaching which involves two or more students can be termed as:

A. Class task
B. Class work
C. Group task
D. Group work

Answer: D

SECTION B

TRUE OR FALSE QUESTIONS

1. Evidence of a positive school ethos includes consistent shared values and standards.

A. True
B. False

Answer: A

2. It is important that circuit supervisors keep their teachers’ lesson plans notebooks.

A. True
B. False

Answer: B

3. Students learn best in a multitude of ways rather than a dominant means.

A. True
B. False

Answer: A

4. The competency-based training curriculum delivery methodology is suitable for TVET training at the second cycle level of education.

A. True
B. False

Answer: A

5. Every goal in the 2030 agenda is to empower people with the knowledge, skills, and values to live in dignity, build their lives, and contribute to their societies.

A. True
B. False

Answer: A

6. A head promoting a professional learning community can lead to a sense of competition among teachers in the school.

A. True
B. False

Answer: B

7. As a supervisor, consulting your staff in advance when developing a plan may direct your attention to potential pitfalls.

A. True
B. False

Answer: A

8. The need for a supervisor to engage in a human relations angle of supervision means that the supervisor should be involved in problem-solving and learner-centered education.

A. True
B. False

Answer: A

9. In mainstreaming special education students, it is important they experience an educational environment that reinforces the difference between special education and general education students.

A. True
B. False

Answer: B

10. The school head should ensure that paid vouchers are numbered sequentially and entered the same in the logbook and properly filed.

A. True
B. False

Answer: A

11. Climate change, Environmental Education for Sustainable Development have become major tools for protecting the environment and ensuring sustainable development.

A. True
B. False

Answer: A

12. Even though homework is important in the instructional system and therefore teachers must give homework as part of their instructional process, it is not scored as part of school-based assessment in Ghana.

A. True
B. False

Answer: A

13. A teacher must test his/her students when assessing them.

A. True
B. False

Answer: A

14. Objective tests cannot be used to assess higher thinking abilities.

A. True
B. False

Answer: B

15. Within the GES structure, decision-making takes place only within the GES council.

A. True
B. False

Answer: B

16. Transfer within the GES is an external exercise.

A. True
B. False

Answer: B

17. The GES Act 1995 [Act 506] and the Education Act 2008 [Act 877] are statutes that are directly related to the functions of GES.

A. True
B. False

Answer: A

18. In 1974, the new structure and content of education was introduced, which brought about the JSS concept implemented on a pilot basis from 1976 to 1987.

A. True
B. False

Answer: A

19. The Ministry of Education’s main mandate is to formulate education policies. A legal incident in this mandate is monitoring and evaluating the performance.

A. True
B. False

Answer: A

20. Legitimate power of a school head is conferred by his/her appointment to the position and therefore can exert administrative authority.

A. True
B. False

Answer: A

SECTION C

FILL IN QUESTIONS

1. According to Skinnerian Operant Conditioning Theory, a negative reinforcement is …………

Answer: Avoiding an undesirable stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior.

2. In classroom management, the teachers’ strategies and techniques must be varied ………

Answer: Varied.

3. The ultimate purpose of supervision is to ensure …………

Answer: Advancement of child welfare.

4. Which Sustainable Development Goal is directly related to education?

Answer: Goal 4.

5. What does the Sustainable Development Goal which is directly related to education state?

Answer: Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education for all.

6. The CSSPS seeks to improve the manual system of selection and placement of qualified BECE candidates into public and private senior high schools, technical and vocational institutes by ………..

Answer: The Ghana Education Service.

7. The United Nations General Assembly proclaimed 24th January as the International Day of Education, in celebration of the role of ………..

Answer: Education for peace and development.

8. The rationale of education planning in our education system is ………..

Answer: Access, Equity, and Quality.

9. The primary role of mentoring teachers in the school of the pre-service teacher is most appropriately described as ………..

Answer: Mentoring.

10. The basic purpose of instructional supervision is for ………….

Answer: Effective teaching and learning.

11. When the school head directs an investigation into suspected fraud, the only authorities to impose sanctions are ………..

Answer: The School Management Committee and Board of Governors.

12. The method of obtaining information to judge the worth of a curriculum while it is in use is referred to as ………

Answer: Formative evaluation.

13. The educational sector performance report for 2017, states that 4% of teachers at basic schools are not ………

Answer: Trained.

14. A pre-test is a form of …………

Answer: Formative assessment.

15. The periodic review of curriculum of pre-tertiary education in Ghana is aimed at ensuring the curriculum remains …………

Answer: Relevant to the needs of the country.

16. One of the principles of teaching/learning process involves ………….

Answer: Active engagement of students.

17. The lesson plan is developed after …………

Answer: Curriculum objectives have been identified.

18. One of the benefits of using school uniforms is that it ensures ……………

Answer: Uniformity among students.

19. The lesson note must be written by the teacher before …………

Answer: Teaching the lesson.

20. For school heads to achieve quality education in their schools, they must focus on ………..

Answer: Effective teaching and learning, and continuous improvement.